What Element Is Used In Computer Chips

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Listing of definitions of terms and concepts related to computer hardware

This glossary of reckoner hardware terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts related to computer hardware, i.eastward. the physical and structural components of computers, architectural issues, and peripheral devices.

A [edit]

Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP): A defended video bus standard introduced past INTEL enabling 3D graphics capabilities; usually present on an AGP slot on the motherboard. (Presently a historical expansion card standard, designed for attaching a video card to a calculator's motherboard (and considered high-speed at launch, one of the last off-fleck parallel communication standards), primarily to help in the acceleration of 3D figurer graphics). Has largely been replaced by PCI Express since the mid 2000s.
accelerator: A microprocessor, ASIC, or expansion card designed to offload a specific job from the CPU, oft containing fixed-function hardware. A common instance is a graphics processing unit.
accumulator: A annals that holds the upshot of previous operation in ALU. Information technology can be also used as an input annals to the adder.
address: The unique integer number that identifies a retention location or an input/output port in an address space.
address space: A mapping of logical addresses into physical retentiveness or other memory-mapped devices.
Advanced Engineering science eXtended (ATX): A motherboard course factor specification developed by Intel in 1995 to improve on previous DE factor standards like the AT form factor.
AI accelerator: An accelerator aimed at running artificial neural networks or other motorcar learning and automobile vision algorithms (either training or deployment), e.g. Movidius Myriad ii, TrueNorth, tensor processing unit, etc.
Advanced Configuration and Power Interface: An open up standard for operating organizations to detect, configure, manage, and monitor status of the hardware.

B [edit]

Blu-ray Disc (BD): An optical disc storage medium designed to supersede the DVD format. Blu-ray Disc is capable of storing about v times every bit much information as a standard DVD. Near computers do not come shipped with Blu-ray drives, however they can be purchased and added every bit a separate upgrade. Blu-ray won a format war confronting Hard disk DVD and for a time drives offering both formats were sold.
bus: A mutual path shared past multiple subsystems or components to send / receive signals. It is a low toll option in mini and micro computers compared to multiple defended non- shared paths in main frame computers.

C [edit]

enshroud: A small and fast buffer retentivity between CPU and Main memory. Reduces access fourth dimension for ofttimes accessed items (instructions / operands).
enshroud coherency: The procedure of keeping data in multiple caches synchronised in a multiprocessor shared memory system, as well required when DMA modifies the underlying retention.
cache eviction: Freeing up data from within a cache to make room for new cache entries to exist allocated; controlled by a cache replacement policy. Caused by a cache miss whilst a cache is already full.
enshroud hit: Finding data in a local enshroud, preventing the need to search for that resource in a more distant location (or to repeat a calculation).
cache line: A small block of retention within a cache; the granularity of allocation, refills, eviction; typically 32–128 bytes in size.
cache miss: Not finding data in a local cache, requiring use of the cache policy to classify and fill this data, and mayhap performing evicting other data to make room.
cache thrashing: A pathological state of affairs where access in a cache cause cyclical enshroud misses by evicting data that is needed in the near hereafter.
enshroud means: The number of potential cache lines in an associative cache that specific concrete addresses tin can exist mapped to; higher values reduce potential collisions in resource allotment.
cache-only retentiveness architecture (COMA): A multiprocessor memory architecture where an accost space is dynamically shifted between processor nodes based on need.
menu reader: Any data input device that reads data from a carte-shaped storage medium such equally a retention bill of fare.^[1] ^[2] ^[3]
channel I/O: A generic term that refers to a high-performance input/output (I/O) architecture that is implemented in various forms on a number of reckoner architectures, especially on mainframe computers.
chipset: A group of integrated circuits, or chips, that are designed to work together. They are normally marketed as a single product.
Compact Disc-Recordable (CD-R): A variation of the optical meaty disc which can be written to in one case.
Compact Disc-ReWritable (CD-RW): A variation of the optical compact disc which tin exist written to many times.
Compact Disc Read-Just Memory (CD-ROM): A pre-pressed meaty disc which contains data or music playback and which cannot be written to.
computer case: The enclosure that contains most of the components of a computer, usually excluding the brandish, keyboard, mouse, and diverse other peripherals.
figurer fan: An agile cooling organisation forcing airflow within or around a computer case using a fan to crusade air cooling.
figurer form factor: The name used to denote the dimensions, power supply type, location of mounting holes, number of ports on the back panel, etc.
control store: The retentivity that stores the microcode of a CPU.
Conventional Peripheral Component Interconnect (Conventional PCI): A computer bus for attaching hardware devices in a reckoner.
core: The portion of the CPU which really performs arithmetics and logical operations; well-nigh all CPUs produced since the tardily 2000s decade have multiple cores (east.g. "a quad-core processor").
core retentiveness: In modern usage, a synonym for principal memory, dating back from the pre-semiconductor-chip times when the dominant master memory technology was magnetic core memory.
Central Processing Unit (CPU): The portion of a figurer organization that executes the instructions of a computer programme.

D [edit]

information cache (D-cache): A enshroud in a CPU or GPU servicing information load and store requests, mirroring master memory (or VRAM for a GPU).
data storage: A technology consisting of computer components and recording media used to retain digital data. It is a core function and central component of computers.^[1]
device retentiveness: local retentiveness associated with a hardware device such as a graphics processing unit or OpenCL compute device, distinct from principal memory.
Digital Video Disc (DVD): An optical compact disc - of the same dimensions every bit compact discs (CDs), but shop more than 6 times as much data. Primarily used for storing movies and estimator games, nevertheless, the rise of services such as Steam have largely rendered physical game discs obsolete.
Digital Visual Interface (DVI): A video brandish interface developed by the Digital Brandish Working Group (DDWG). The digital interface is used to connect a video source to a display device, such as a computer monitor.
Direct Access Storage Device (DASD): A mainframe terminology introduced by IBM cogent secondary storage with random admission, typically (arrays of) difficult disk drives.
direct mapped cache: A cache where each physical address may only be mapped to one cache line, indexed using the depression bits of the address. Simple simply highly decumbent to allotment conflicts.
direct memory access (DMA): The ability of a hardware device such equally a deejay drive or network interface controller to admission primary memory without intervention from the CPU, provided past 1 or more DMA channels in a organisation.
DisplayPort: A digital brandish interface developed by the Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA). The interface is primarily used to connect a video source to a display device such as a reckoner monitor, though it can as well be used to transmit sound, USB, and other forms of information. Unline HDMI, DisplayPort is open source.
bulldoze bay: A standard-sized expanse within a computer case for adding hardware (hard drives, CD drives, etc.) to a computer.
dual in-line memory module (DIMM): A series of dynamic random-access memory integrated circuits. These modules are mounted on a printed circuit board and designed for use in personal computers, workstations and servers. Dissimilarity SIMM .
dual issue: A superscalar pipeline capable of executing ii instructions simultaneously.
dynamic random-access memory (DRAM): A type of random-access memory that stores each chip of data in a separate capacitor within an integrated circuit and which must be periodically refreshed to retain the stored data.

E [edit]

expansion motorcoach: A computer jitney which moves information between the internal hardware of a calculator system (including the CPU and RAM) and peripheral devices. It is a collection of wires and protocols that allows for the expansion of a estimator.
expansion card: A printed circuit board that tin be inserted into an electrical connector or expansion slot on a computer motherboard, backplane, or riser card to add functionality to a computer system via an expansion bus.

F [edit]

firewall: Any hardware device or software program designed to protect a reckoner from viruses, trojans, malware, etc.
firmware: Stock-still programs and data that internally control various electronic devices.
flash memory: A blazon of non-volatile calculator storage flake that tin can exist electrically erased and reprogrammed.
floppy deejay: A data storage medium that is equanimous of a disk of sparse, flexible ("floppy") magnetic storage medium encased in a square or rectangular plastic shell. Historically floppy disks came in 8-inch, 5.25-inch, and 3.5-inch sizes, with the latter being by far the most ubiquitous.
floppy disk drive: A device for reading floppy disks. These were common on computers made prior to 2010.
floppy-disk controller: A specific expanse on the motherboard which tin be used to connect a floppy disk drive to information technology.
gratis and open-source graphics device commuter

Yard [edit]

graphics hardware
Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): A specialized processor designed for the purpose of creating images and animations and displaying them on a computer screen, independent of the CPU and onboard video memory.

H [edit]

hard disk drive bulldoze (HDD): Whatever non-volatile storage device that stores information on rapidly rotating rigid (i.eastward. hard) platters with magnetic surfaces.
hardware: The concrete components of a calculator system.
Harvard compages: A memory compages where programme motorcar code and data are held in split memories, more commonly seen in microcontrollers and digital indicate processors.
High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI): A compact interface for transferring encrypted uncompressed digital audio and video data to a device such as a reckoner monitor, video projector or digital idiot box. Motherboard and graphics card manufacturers must pay a licensing fee to incorporate HDMI into their products.

I [edit]

input device: Whatsoever peripheral equipment used to provide information and control signals to an data processing organization.
input/output (I/O): The communication between an information processing organization (such as a computer), and the outside world.
Input/Output Operations Per Second (IOPS): A mutual performance measurement used to benchmark estimator storage devices like hard disk drives.
instruction: A grouping of several bits in a computer program that contains an operation code and commonly one or more than retentivity addresses.
education cache
I-cache: A cache in a CPU or GPU servicing instruction fetch requests for program code (or shaders for a GPU), possibly implementing modified Harvard compages if program motorcar code is stored in the same accost space and physical retention every bit information.
educational activity fetch: A phase in a pipeline that loads the adjacent educational activity referred to past the programme counter.
integrated circuit: A miniaturised electronic circuit that has been manufactured in the surface of a sparse substrate of semiconductor material.
interrupt: A status related to the country of the hardware that may be signaled past an external hardware device.

J [edit]

spring drive: Another name for a USB flash drive.

K [edit]

keyboard: An input device, partially modeled after the typewriter keyboard, which uses an arrangement of buttons or keys to act as mechanical levers or electronic switches.

L [edit]

load/shop instructions: instructions used to transfer data between memory and processor registers.
load–shop architecture: An instruction fix architecture where arithmetics/logic instructions may simply be performed betwixt processor registers, relying on split load/shop instructions for all data transfers.
local retentivity: memory associated closely with a processing element, e.g. a cache, scratchpad, the memory connected to one processor node in a NUMA or COMA system, or device memory (such every bit VRAM) in an accelerator.

Yard [edit]

magneto-optical bulldoze
mainframe computer: An especially powerful reckoner used mainly past large organizations for majority data processing such every bit census, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning, and financial transaction processing.
main retentivity: The largest random-access memory in a memory hierarchy (earlier offline storage) in a computer organization. Chief retention usually consists of DRAM, and is distinct from caches and scratchpads.
mask ROM: A type of read-only memory (ROM) whose contents are programmed by the integrated circuit manufacturer.
retentiveness: Devices that are used to shop data or programs on a temporary or permanent footing for use in an electronic digital estimator.
memory access pattern: The design with which software or some other organisation (such as an accelerator or DMA aqueduct) accesses, reads, and writes memory on secondary storage. These patterns have implications for locality of reference, parallelism, and the distribution of workload in shared retentivity systems.
memory accost: The address of a location in a memory or other address space.
memory compages: A memory architecture in a estimator system, e.g. NUMA, uniform retentivity access, COMA, etc.
memory card: A modest electronic information storage device consisting of a apartment slice of plastic no larger than a thumbnail that can be inserted into a special socket in a computer or a portable electronic device such as a camera or a cell phone in order to provide instant access to removable memory, typically wink memory.
mini-VGA: Pocket-size connectors used on some laptops and other systems in identify of the standard VGA connector.
microcode: A layer of hardware-level instructions involved in the implementation of higher level auto code instructions in many computers and other processors.
modem: A device that enables ii distant reckoner systems to communicate with i another. In the past, modems connected to a phone line, however, since the mid 2000s broadband modems have been the predominant blazon seen.
modified Harvard architecture: A variation of Harvard architecture used for virtually CPUs with carve up non-coherent instruction and data caches (assuming that code is immutable), but still mirroring the same main memory address infinite, and perhaps sharing higher levels of the aforementioned enshroud hierarchy.
monitor: An electronic visual brandish for computers. A monitor unremarkably comprises the display device, circuitry, casing, and power supply. The display device in modernistic monitors is typically a thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) or a flat panel LED brandish, whereas older monitors used a cathode ray tube (CRT).^[i]
motherboard: The primal printed excursion board (PCB) in many mod computers which provides a concrete platform for attaching and arranging many of the crucial components of the system, usually while as well providing connection space for peripherals.^[5]
mouse: A pointing device that functions by detecting two-dimensional motility relative to its supporting surface; motion is usually mapped to a cursor in screen space; typically used to control a graphical user interface on a desktop calculator or for CAD, etc.

N [edit]

network: A collection of computers and other devices continued past communications channels, e.g. by Ethernet or wireless networking.
network interface controller: ^[6]
network on a chip (NOC): A computer network on a single semiconductor scrap, connecting processing elements, fixed-role hardware, or even memories and caches. Increasingly common in system on a chip designs.
non-compatible memory access (NUMA)
not-volatile memory: retentiveness that can retain the stored information even when not powered, as opposed to volatile memory.
not-volatile random-access retentiveness: Random-admission retentivity (RAM) that retains its information when power is turned off.

O [edit]

operating system: The prepare of software that manages computer hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs, typically loaded by the BIOS on booting.
performance code: Several bits in a figurer program instruction that specify which operation to perform.
optical disc bulldoze: A type of deejay drive that uses laser light or electromagnetic waves near the light spectrum equally role of the process of reading or writing data to or from optical discs.

P [edit]

pen drive: Another name for a USB wink drive.
pentest: Another name for a penetration exam.
peripheral: Any device fastened to a computer but non part of it.
personal computer (PC): Any general-purpose computer whose size, capabilities, and original sales price get in useful for individuals, and which is intended to be operated directly by an end user, with no intervening calculator operator.
power supply: A unit of the computer that converts mains Ac to depression-voltage regulated DC for the power of all the calculator components.
power supply unit (PSU): Converts mains Air conditioning to depression-voltage regulated DC ability for the internal components of a calculator. Modernistic personal computers universally employ switched-mode ability supplies. Some ability supplies have a manual switch for selecting input voltage, while others automatically adapt to the mains voltage.
prefetch: The process of pre-loading instructions or data into a cache ahead of fourth dimension, either nether manual control via prefetch instructions or automatically by a prefetch unit of measurement which may use runtime heuristics to predict the hereafter memory admission blueprint.
prefetching: The pre-loading of instructions or data before either is needed by dedicated enshroud control instructions or predictive hardware, to mitigate latency.
printer: A peripheral which produces a text or graphics of documents stored in electronic form, usually on physical print media such as newspaper or transparencies. The two almost mutual types of printers available are inkjet, which uses ink cartridges, and light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation, which uses toner.
process node: Refers to a level of semiconductor manufacturing technology, one of several successive transistor shrinks.
processing element: An electronic circuit (either a microprocessor or an internal component of one) that may role autonomously or under external command, performing arithmetic and logic operations on data, possibly containing local memory, and perchance continued to other processing elements via a network, network on a flake, or enshroud bureaucracy.
processor node: A processor in a multiprocessor system or cluster, continued past dedicated communication channels or a network.
programmable read-only memory (PROM): A blazon of not-volatile memory chip that may be programmed after the device is constructed.
programmer: Any electronic equipment that arranges written software to configure programmable not-volatile integrated circuits (called programmable devices) such as EPROMs, EEPROMs, Flashes, eMMC, MRAM, FRAM, NV RAM, PALs, FPGAs or programmable logic circuits.
PCI Limited (PCIe): An expansion bus standard designed to replace the older PCI, PCI-X, and AGP bus standards.
PCI-eXtended (PCI-10): An expansion charabanc and expansion card standard that enhances the 32-bit PCI Local Bus for higher bandwidth demanded by servers.

R [edit]

Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID): Whatsoever of diverse data storage schemes that can dissever and replicate data beyond multiple hard disk drives in society to increment reliability, allow faster admission, or both.
random-access memory (RAM): A blazon of computer data storage that allows data items to exist accessed (read or written) in almost the same amount of fourth dimension irrespective of the physical location of data inside the retentivity. RAM contains multiplexing and demultiplexing circuitry to connect the data lines to the addressed storage for reading or writing the entry. Usually, more one chip of storage is accessed past the same accost, and RAM devices often have multiple information lines and are said to be 'viii-bit' or '16-bit' etc. devices. In today's applied science, random-access memory takes the course of integrated circuits.
read-only memory (ROM): A blazon of memory chip that retains its data when its ability supply is switched off.

S [edit]

server: A estimator which may be used to provide services to clients.
software: Any computer program or other kind of information that can exist read and/or written by a computer.
unmarried in-line memory module (SIMM): A type of memory module containing random-access retentiveness used in computers from the early 1980s to the tardily 1990s. Contrast DIMM .
solid-state bulldoze: Any data storage device that uses integrated circuit assemblies as memory to store information persistently. Though they are sometimes referred to as solid-state disks, these devices contain neither an actual disk nor a bulldoze motor to spin a deejay. On average, solid-state drives cost most four times as much as conventional hard drives of the same capacity, but can provide significantly faster boot times.
static random-access memory (SRAM): A type of semiconductor memory that uses bistable latching circuitry to shop each scrap. The term static differentiates it from DRAM, which must be periodically refreshed.
sound card: An internal expansion card that facilitates economical input and output of sound signals to and from a computer under control of figurer programs.
storage device
synchronous dynamic random-access retention (SDRAM): A type of dynamic random access retentiveness that is synchronized with the organisation jitney.
SuperDisk: A loftier-speed, high-capacity alternative to the ninety mm (3.v in), 1.44 MB floppy disk. The SuperDisk hardware was created by 3M's storage products grouping Imation in 1997.
Serial ATA (SATA): A computer autobus interface that connects host motorbus adapters to mass storage devices such equally hard disk drives, optical drives, and solid-state drives.

T [edit]

tape bulldoze: A peripheral storage device that allows just sequential access, typically using magnetic tape.
task manager
terminal: An electronic or electromechanical hardware device that is used for entering data into, and displaying data from, a computer or a computing system.
touchpad: A pointing device consisting of specialized surface that can translate the motion and position of a user's fingers or a stylus to a relative position on a screen.^[seven]
Boob tube tuner card: A card that allows the user to view television channels on a computer using an antenna. It can also be used to connect devices such as video game consoles, videocassette recorders, and LaserDisc players, if necessary.

U [edit]

Universal Series Bus (USB): A specification to establish communication between devices and a host controller (ordinarily a personal computer). The USB standard was offset finalized in 1996, and has underwent many revisions since then, enabling faster data transfer speeds.
uop cache: A cache of decoded micro-operations in a CISC processor (due east.g x86).^[viii]
USB 1.x: The first revision of USB, which was capable of transferring upwards to 12 Mbit/s (megabits per second).
USB 2.0: The second revision of USB, introduced in 2000. It significantly increased the maximum transfer rate to 480 Mbit/southward.
USB iii.0: The tertiary revision of USB, introduced in 2008. It provides transfer rates of upwardly to 5 Gbit/s (gigabits per 2nd), more than 10 times faster than USB 2.0.
USB flash drive: A wink memory device integrated with a USB interface. USB wink drives are typically removable and rewritable.

V [edit]

video bill of fare: An expansion bill of fare which generates a feed of output images to a display (such as a computer monitor).
Video Graphics Array (VGA): Showtime released in 1987, this was the last graphical standard introduced by IBM to which the majority of PC clone manufacturers conformed. Today, it has largely been supplanted past DisplayPort and HDMI, nevertheless, it can nonetheless be constitute as an integrated graphics option in some motherboards.
volatile retentiveness: Retentivity that requires power to maintain the stored data, as opposed to non-volatile memory. Sticks of RAM are an case of volatile memory.

West [edit]

webcam: A video camera that feeds its images in real fourth dimension to a computer or reckoner network, often via USB, Ethernet, or Wi-Fi.^[1] ^[ix]
write dorsum enshroud: A cache where store operations are buffered in cache lines, merely reaching principal memory when the entire cache line is evicted.
write through cache: A cache where store operations are immediately written to the underlying main memory.
working set: The set of data used by a processor during a certain time interval, which should ideally fit into a CPU cache for optimum performance.

Z [edit]

nil drive: The Cypher drive is a removable floppy disk storage arrangement that was introduced by Iomega in late 1994. Considered medium-to-high-capacity at the time of its release, Zip disks were originally launched with capacities of 100 MB.

Run across as well [edit]

Listing of computer term etymologies
Glossary of backup terms
Glossary of estimator graphics
Glossary of calculator science
Glossary of estimator software terms

Glossary of free energy efficient hardware/software
Glossary of Net-related terminology
Glossary of reconfigurable computing

References [edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Shelly, M.; Vermaat, Thou. (2008). Discovering Computers: Fundamentals. Available Titles Skills Cess Director (SAM) - Office 2010 Series. Cengage Learning. p. 6. ISBN978-1-4239-2702-0 . Retrieved May 25, 2016.
^ "Punched Card System for a Wholesale Hardware". Volume 7. The Punched Card Machine Bookkeeping and Data Processing Semi-annual. 1952. p. 123. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
^ Kent, Allen; Lancour, Harold (2016-05-11). Encyclopedia of Library and Informatics. p. 277. ISBN9780824720025 . Retrieved 2016-05-25 .
^ "Gold Oldies: 1993 mainboards". Retrieved 2007-06-27 .
^ Andrews, Jean (2009-12-29). A+ Guide to Hardware: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting. ISBN978-1435487383.
^ Andrews, Jean (May 11, 2016). A+ Guide to Hardware. Cengage Learning. p. 403. ISBN978-1133135128 . Retrieved May xix, 2016.
^ Project, Ubuntu Documentation (May 11, 2016). Ubuntu xi.04 Unity Desktop Guide. Fultus Corporation. ISBN9781596822580 . Retrieved May 19, 2016.
^ "micro op cache patent".
^ Hannon, John J. (May 11, 2016). Emerging Technologies for Structure Commitment. Transportation Research Board. ISBN9780309097918 . Retrieved May xix, 2016.

External links [edit]

Dictionary: JESD88 | JEDEC

What Element Is Used In Computer Chips,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_computer_hardware_terms

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What Element Is Used In Computer Chips

A [edit]

B [edit]

C [edit]

D [edit]

E [edit]

F [edit]

Yard [edit]

H [edit]

I [edit]

J [edit]

K [edit]

L [edit]

Yard [edit]

N [edit]

O [edit]

P [edit]

R [edit]

S [edit]

T [edit]

U [edit]

V [edit]

West [edit]

Z [edit]

Run across as well [edit]

References [edit]

External links [edit]

What Element Is Used In Computer Chips,

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